Previous: First Amend This!: An IDOC Newsletter, Sept. ’22
Welcome to the October edition of First Amend This!
This publication provides an insider look at issues affecting the Idaho Department of Correction community. If you wish to assist this effort, share the link, copy and paste, or print and send this issue to another.
Friends and families are encouraged to join the Idaho Inmate Family Support Group (IIFSG) on Facebook or contact them at idahoinmate@gmail.com.
Looking to help improve Idaho’s criminal justice system? We ask that you contact Erika Marshall with the Idaho Justice Project. The Idaho Justice Project works to bring the voices of people impacted by the criminal justice system to the legislative table to work on solutions.
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EDITOR’S NOTE
This month we place focus on Administrative Segregation (Ad-Seg), where clients are sent for years to fight through social deprivation in a practice deemed by the United Nations to be extremely f*cking uncool.
Despite the Department making plans in 2018 to overhaul its use of Restricted Housing Units, the only thing that has changed has been the limits on short-term stays and the excuses used to justify a failure to follow through.
And so it’s time once again to revisit the logic used to avoid the course correction that’s been promised now for years.
Where some of the articles presented in this issue are republished with edits in the interest of brevity and fairness, the grievances presented maintain their original splendor. This to allow the Department to voice its own positions and show the discourse that takes place in a properly filed grievance. I hope this will provide you with an objective look at Ad-Seg and some understanding of the damage done to those who’ve been put through it.
Let’s First Amend This!
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The view into the dayroom from window B54 at the Idaho Maximum Security Institution hasn’t changed in years. The same eight desks have sat empty in front of the television with shackles attached suggesting that they’re frequently put to use. Meant to provide opportunities for programming and interaction, the only action they’ve ever seen is when the janitor comes to dust.
Several times throughout the year, a facility wash takes place. And when the foreseeable crowd of visitors amasses in the bubble–an elevated station from where we’re guarded through large windows–someone’s finger always flies in the direction of the desks, presumably inquiring into all their many functions. The response from the guide is always seen to exceed the four syllables required to say simply, “We don’t use those.”
For the last few years now, the Department has touted plans to provide Restricted Housing Units (RHUs) with opportunities to program and socialize in controlled settings; and for the same amount of time, those who reside in RHUs have widely wondered about the information being passed on to these tour groups. Are they made aware of the mental and physical health effects that are linked to RHUs and continue long after imprisonment? Or, of the number who’ve been released directly into the community, to sort through years of isolation without resources or supervision?
What the RHU population would like these groups to know is that, in lieu of behavioral therapies or constructive opportunities, residents residing in the units long-term receive just one hour daily in a concrete, weathered cage–and only on the days in which staff are able to provide them with an escort.
“The dividers are new,” screams a voice in my vent, referring to the grates that make for windows in the concrete. “You used to have to yell through the cracks [where the concrete slabs intersect] to talk to the person next to you. It was weird, finally being able to speak to them while looking into their eyes.” Apparently, people grew so accustomed to speaking through the cracks that a few seem to prefer them over the open range of windows.
I’m gathered in the cages on a drizzly afternoon when the lattice overhead conspires with bird shit, rust and rain to further stain the jacket I’ve been sharing with 95 others. Today’s conversation, again with the new dividers: “It had to have been the tour–they never brought [the tours] out to the cages before that. We saw them come out that once and, the next thing we knew, they were putting dividers in for us. Someone must have asked them to explain themselves. They freak out whenever people ask questions.”
While use of RHUs (and RHUs by other names) continues to be seen an urgent issue across the nation, some states have been slower than others to take action. In the case of Idaho, where the IDOC has openly acknowledged the need for reform, the state appears content with having stalled on half a measure. Though the Department can be credited with reducing limits for punitive use of RHU to 15 days, the limit disappears under the label “Administrative Segregation,” that is used to isolate residents for an unspecified length of time.
Two years, says my new neighbor, is the typical length of stay. “But five at a time isn’t out of the question…”
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JUNE 5, 2020
Among the Blood Unmentioned in June…
Four separate trails, outside my cell door, from upstairs to down-, each fresh from a neighbor. And collecting in a puddle, the source slammed face-down, wrists and ankles already restrained, nose broken, ethos bruised.
I watch the puddle as it grows, reaching outward toward the cages–where those unable to afford the device used to message with loved ones are led once a week to a kiosk to check for a hug. Should it manage twice that distance, that slow-going crimson ocean, it will reach the virgin desks where empty shackles all hang cold.
It’s the first cell extraction I’ve witnessed from Administrative Segregation, and it’s while choking on the gas that works to punish the whole unit (somehow used as a solution for subduing individuals) that I grab my notebook and calendar and attempt to extract a correlation from now seeing four at once:
15 Months Ago–Our RHU policies were changed to reflect the IDOC’s “commitment to Ad-Seg reform.” But the changes made in print were never put into effect and all new versions of the policy have mysteriously disappeared.
11 Months Ago–In a Board of Correction meeting, our DOC Director commended the Chief of Prisons and our warden for moving forward with ideas of installing inside caged enclosures, modified programming chairs and enclosed table modules in every RHU. These commendable ideas have not yet been pursued.
7 Months Ago–After members of staff were documented investigating themselves for misconduct, I wrote the Office of Professional Standards asking for permission to submit grievances directly to their office. That office has yet to respond.
6 Months Ago–Our warden circulated a memo promising RHU residents that they’d soon be let out of their cells for three hours daily and be provided with opportunities to participate in programming. Today, we continue to be offered one hour daily in an outside, weathered cage–and only on the days when they’re willing to take us out to rec. Nothing in the memo has proven to be true.
3 Months Ago–In-person visitation was halted due to COVID-19, and the corporation now providing “technological alternatives” has been charging for video visits that seldom seem to work.
3 Weeks Ago–I overheard the captain say to one of those now bleeding who, at that time, was still attempting to communicate issues with certain staff, “Well, then it’s up to you to be the adult…”
1 Week Ago–Management ordered staff to enforce the weekly hour of phone time we’re privileged to receive. Those sympathetic to the need for human communication must enforce the policy strictly, lest they find themselves in trouble.
12 Hours Ago–We received a memo describing the privilege we’re given to combat excessive heat no more than once a day: “Inmates must have their own container for ice. Staff will place one scoop of ice in your container. If you are not ready at your door, it will be considered a refusal of ice for the day…ice service is a privilege and can be revoked based on behavior.”
12 Hours Ago–Yet another memo informed us that, from now on, should we attempt to bring our morning coffee or magazines with us to the rec cages, it will be noted as “a refusal to participate in recreation for the day.”
As I write now–I am listening to my neighbor choke and gasp and beg to be rolled on his side for a breath; while at the same time, our DOC director is sitting behind his keyboard, responding to public outcry from the death of another who begged the same:
“I can acknowledge the pain that’s being expressed here… can listen and learn, and can choose to act in ways that move our system toward greater equity and inclusion instead of otherness… Before us is the opportunity to set the example and standard for how safety agencies should operate. If you betray that trust with your actions, or fail to report others who do, you are not long for this agency. It will not be tolerated, accepted, or ignored within our agency… We’re not choosing between treating people with respect and trying to improve public safety. We can do both. Two things can be true at once.”*
Hmm, I wonder, four in one day. How many will it take for them to see the correlation?
* Josh Tewalt, “Director’s Note 6.5.20”, idoc.idaho.gov
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JUNE 10, 2020
Grievance Number: IM 200000280
Category: Conditions of Confinement
The problem is: December 2019 memo stating “all inmates in Administrative Segregation will be afforded three hours out-of-cell time daily… 1½ hours outside recreation and 1½ inside structured activities” hasn’t been honored one time, in part or in full–regarding out-of-cell time.
I suggest the following solution for the problem: Honor the memo, or what parts you can, and release a new memo with an acknowledgement/update.
LEVEL 1 — INITIAL RESPONSE by Sgt. Laing
I do not recall Inmate Irving #82431 stating this concern to me directly, but if he did he would have been informed that the policy is not completed at this time. Once it is completed we will start letting them out of their cells 3 hours a day and complying with policy. All inmates housed in B-Block that have inquired about the new step-up program or asked about the 3 hours out-of-cell time have been informed that the policy is not completed at this time. I recommend that Grievance IM200000280 be dismissed at this time, due to policy not being completed.
REVIEWING AUTHORITY RESPONSE: DENIED by Deputy Warden Gary Hartgrove
Inmate Irving 82431, your grievance IM 200000280 is denied. The newest revision of the Restricted Housing Order (RHO) being used by the Idaho Department of Correction shows an update of 5/5/2018. The updated RHO coincides with a new SOP for Short-Term Restrictive Housing. As of now, the new/updated Long-Term Restrictive Housing (LTRH) SOP has not been implemented. The same RHO is used for both Short- and Long-Term Restrictive Housing. The out of-cell time described in the memorandum will become effective after physical plant modifications are completed and staffing levels are addressed. Headquarters will then evaluate if the SOP will be implemented completely.
OFFENDER APPEAL
No plant modifications are needed to extend the outside rec–the cages already exist. The Department made indoor modifications to one tier to “pilot” dayroom access months ago, and then abandoned the effort immediately. The RHO update mentioned was done two years ago, and [it] mentions a LTRH policy 319.02.01.003 that is still not implemented. An excessive amount of time has passed without any substantial attempt to make progress. Additionally, we are now frequently refused rec due to staffing levels and 3rd Shift’s refusal to do rec moves, which they’ll be required to do should the Department ever seriously consider the offender out-of-cell time they’ve been discussing but not acting upon since 2018. Immediate action is requested–in part or in full–as well as a realistic plan and timeline that should be made available to offenders and their families.
APPELLATE AUTHORITY RESPONSE: DENIED by Warden Tyrell Davis
I have reviewed your grievance and find that I concur with the Level Two response. The out-of-cell time described in the memo will become effective after physical plant modifications are completed and staffing levels are addressed.
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JANUARY 1, 2021
Policy Promises, Promises, Promises…
Last year IDOC announced residents in long-term restrictive-housing units (RHUs) would soon see three hours out-of-cell time daily (FAT!, Jan. ’20). Instead, the daily hour they were receiving found itself awkwardly reducing to half.
During July 2019’s board meeting, Director Tewalt announced plans for IMSI facility modifications that would support new standards outlined in the ever unattainable, unimplemented 2018 Long-term Restrictive Housing Program Policy 319.02.01.003*. The modifications — indoor rec modules, proposed and prototyped by an inmate — were to be constructed with cheap materials and inmate labor, offering a way for RHU residents to regularly access their day rooms.
Come early 2020, after breaking ground with the first of many modules, all visible progress came to a halt. Same with the chorus of excitement from hundreds of residents promised less time in the cell and more in the cage. According to RHU staffers, providing transport to the indoor rec modules was a matter of unforeseen logistical complexity: their understaffed shifts simply couldn’t find the time to rotate their pokey’s most popular patrons back and forth patiently between cell and kennel.
But with the day room only accounting for one-half of the new three-hour allotment, there was still another half to be offered outside: essentially, an extra half hour would be added to the daily hour already in practice. Logistically, this appeared to pose no problem: no extra trips were needed, nor staff required, and the rec modules outside were already in use. Nevertheless, the extra half hour was cancelled, and though a reason was given, it was hard to understand.
A grievance filed by this reporter was returned with an explanation stating that the Department was unwilling to allow the extra time outside until the indoor modifications were complete and the facility was properly staffed (FAT!, Aug. ’20). No timeframe was offered, no hope was given.
And then came COVID.
RHU shifts, once able to get everyone outside for at least an hour daily, found the only way to socially distance residents was to operate the rec cages at no more than half-capacity. So instead of directing shifts to account for the time it takes to responsibly rec a whole unit daily, IDOC divided their RHUs in half, and minimized rec for each half to every other day.
One hour. Out of the cell. Every other day. For the bulk of last year, that’s what’s been given.
In considering how the long-term restrictive housing policy was revised but never implemented back in July of ’18, there’s no telling how many more years might pass before the Department makes a respectable effort to meet the standards now sleeping on hold.
Which gives it all the feel of a marathon run that requires keeping pace with the Gears of Weak Intention.
One.
……..Hour.
…………Out of.
………………The cell.
……………………….Every.
………………………………Other.
…………………………………………Day……………….?………………–>………………………………!?!
*Unattainable yet referenced by Short-term Restrictive Housing Policy 319.02.01.001
Ref: Board of Correction Meeting, July ’19. “Exhausted Grievances in Summary, Grievance 15, IM 200000280”
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FEBRUARY 19, 2021
Grievance Number IM 210000080
Category: Conditions of Confinement
The problem is: Policy 319 (Restrictive Housing) requires “guidelines to ensure inmates placed in restrictive housing (short-term or long-term) for a period in excess of 15 days will have opportunities for three hours or more per day time spent out of their cell.” These guidelines were never established.
I suggest: Please establish the guidelines that Policy 319 mentions so that your facility residents know what they have to look forward to in the future.
LEVEL 1– INITIAL RESPONSE by Lt. Justin Gibney
In response to Policy 319, IMSI introduced our Ad-Seg reform program. Initially, IMSI introduced the use of programming chairs on the tiers. Residents were offered 1 hour out-of-cell time for recreation, as well as 1 hour in the programming chairs. However, this program was suspended shortly after its introduction, due to the increase of violent acts while they were in the programming chairs.
IMSI looked at several other options, including a table enclosure, on-the-tier enclosures, and the reintroduction of programming chairs. However, shortly after these were completed, IDOC, and the world, was affected by COVID-19.
IMSI is still committed to Ad-Seg reform. However, at this time we still have positive cases of COVID-19 in our institution, and we are unable to implement these changes. I do not have an answer on how long COVID-19 will impact our daily operations, or the future of IMSI.
LEVEL 2 — REVIEWING AUTHORITY RESPONSE by Captain Klinton Hust
Lt. Gibney is correct in his response. We are unable to accommodate this due to COVID-19 and practices that were put in place got people hurt rather than helped. Unfortunately the RHO states the time allotted, but we are unable to accommodate this right now.
OFFENDER APPEAL
Lt. Gibney states that only two hours out-of-cell time have ever been planned, yet the policy calls for three. A full year passed without mandate being put in place prior to covid ever entering Idaho. Where some enclosures were installed months before covid, they were never used, and there was time to install more. Covid simply does not excuse the full year pre-covid that IDOC failed to abide–the policy was publicly approved in March of 2019. Policies exist to establish the rules, not display they Department’s wishful thinking.
It should also be noted that this grievance intended to address the failure to provide reliable policy, not complain about Conditions of Confinement. That said, I consider myself at fault for the miscommunication and ask that this grievance finish its process in the category it started, with the understanding that my issue will need to be refiled in the future.
LEVEL 3 APPELLATE AUTHORITY RESPONSE by Warden Tyrell Davis
I have reviewed the grievance and concur with the Level One and Two responses. We are currently in the process of assessing and reviewing Policy 319 as an agency.
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After months of organizing donations to diversify our library, the library has rewarded me with a 90-day suspension. The reason, they say, is that a book I returned cannot be accounted for. Which makes it the librarian’s responsibility to punish this denizen already rotting in an unreformed Ad-Seg.
It doesn’t appear to matter that, in Ad-Seg, we can only return books through our food slots when they’re opened by staff to pass us our meals; apparently, we’re to be punished for things that staff misplace, as well as for any clerical errors made in and out of the library.
As just one example of a counterproductive discipline, this is perhaps the one that best helps to understand why some residents, when placed into Ad-Seg, literally occupy their time by painting the walls with shit.
Needless to say, I find myself affected, and not from the absence of materials to read. (I’m fortunate in that I just invested in books on prisons and programs, addictions and boundaries, etc. They’re my personal donations to the book drive I’ve been holding in an effort to improve our petulant library.) What affects me is the thought that a policy can be used to actively accelerate one’s mental deterioration .
I’m also bothered by the way these little things all add up, making it impossible to to build relationships of trust with those who wish to coexist, assist or implement change. Because why in the world would you ever offer your trust when all that you’ve been offered is indifference and hardship?
Or, as a prison doctor cited in C. Weinstein’s “Even Dogs Confined to Cages for Long Periods of Time Go Berserk” puts it:
“[I]t’s kind of like kicking and beating a dog and keeping it in a cage until it gets as crazy and vicious and wild as it can possibly get, and then one day you take it out into the middle of the streets of San Francisco or Boston and you open the cage and run away.” (Pg. 121)
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AUGUST 1, 2021
The Dirty Tricks That Did Away with Our Ad-Seg Reform
One would get fired and arrested for alleged sexual misconduct with an inmate. The other, who knows? Nobody wants to say. But prior to their departure from Idaho Maximum Security Institution, two correctional officers quite possibly manufactured an incident that would prevent an increase in Ad-Seg staff’s duties.
The incident was reported as taking place in early 2020, when the two were tasked with testing a table enclosure designed to bring IMSI into compliance with Restricted Housing Unit policies. Since 2018, policies 319 and 319.02.01.003 have required RHU residents to spend at least three hours out of their cells daily. Also referred to as indoor rec modules, the table enclosures were to accommodate half of that time, with the other half to be spent in outdoor modules, already offered for one hour daily.
When the two assigned officers were ordered to test the indoor modules–four caged compartments conjoined around one table, built with an opening on the tabletop for hands to play out cards–they were said to have sought a test group that was destined to fail. According to a source who witnessed the event, they picked four people from adversarial walks (a walk is a small assigned social group of inmates): two from Hard walks and two from Soft walks, though never allowed at any other time to mingle, were picked as participants to provide a demonstration of the enclosures.
But all four of those chosen declined to play a part. Suspicious of the way they were pitted against opponents, they felt as though a plan was in place to set them up.
Of the second group approached to test the table enclosures, all four had allegedly already been reprimanded for throwing bodily fluids on each other and trying to flood each other out with a plumbing hack from their own cells. Said to be four of the most psychologically disturbed on the unit, “It was obvious to everyone what was about to happen.” Given notice in advance of who would be sharing the table, all four were said to have arrived with containers of bodily fluids, and immediately engaged in their preferred method of warfare.
The incident was logged, the experiment concluded, and further construction of the indoor modules was halted. Without an adequate representation of residents used to test the modules, they were branded “too dangerous,” and used not once thereafter.
“It’s frustrating,” says our source. “They know who gets along and they know who throws piss on each other. They keep it all logged right there on their computers. They just don’t want to spend the time it takes to put us in cuffs, walk us out to the dayroom and lock us in cages.”
It’s a hypothesis hard to dispute. For one thing, such info does exist in IDOC computers. It’s seen referenced often in reports from Investigations. For another, in Grievance IM 200000280, mentioned earlier in this issue, understaffing was used as the reason to ignore IDOC policies. Which means it could be tempting for staff who are already stressed to manufacture an incident that would eliminate more duties. And finally, the outdoor modules, used almost daily, are still not being used to the extent required by policy. This despite the fact that no extra staff would be needed and the extra half hour per group poses no immediate risk.
When asked last year why the extra half hour outside has yet to be implemented, IMSI’s Warden Tyrell Davis wrote this: “[It] will become effective after physical plant modifications are completed and staffing levels are addressed.”
As for all questions regarding the crude testing of the indoor modules, it’s the rule of Corrections not to revisit a method once you have achieved the results that will lighten your workload.
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NOVEMBER 1, 2021
Dear Deputy Warden Susan Wessels,
We are all very frustrated by the lack of effort you’ve been making when it comes to reviewing grievances and policies and answering questions. Though you have asked us to pursue our issues proactively, it seems as though the only effort you are making is to see that the lot of us feel we’ve been ignored.
We have been very clear in communicating that this a problem. And yet you insist on assuming an adversarial position and reiterating inaccuracies while wielding your power.
It is almost as if you believe you’re incapable of mistakes, and able to decipher our concerns without reading them as presented.
To show you precisely the way that this frustrates: Please click on this link to Policy 319.02.01.001. Pleeeeease, Susan. For the love of Christ and all that is holy! All you have to do is click! One miniscule movement! Minimal effort, Susan! Two seconds and you will see the problem we’ve identified and attempted to present to you several times before! Pages 14-21 don’t seem to exist! The link connects to idaho.gov! The policy is dated 2018. Where the **** have you been getting all your information from!?
Susan, please stop ignoring our efforts and put aside some time to review our concerns. I am a firm believer it would do us all some good.
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OCTOBER 1, 2022
Almost a year since my time in the back and, though I’m no longer able to provide witness firsthand, what I can see by viewing IDOC policies is that the guidelines for Long-Term Restricted Housing have yet to be written, let alone implemented.
As for the lingering effects that are experienced by so many–why in the world would anyone seek to be treated by the same prison that placed them in long-lasting torment?
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COVID NEWS
Since the start of COVID-19, the IDOC has administered over 79,000 tests to those of its clients it’s keeping in-state. More than 6,850 have been reported positive.
Visitation remains disrupted at one or more facilities. Please view the Department’s website for the most current updates.
Those who have received their initial vaccination are encouraged by the Department to follow up with booster shots.
Residents experiencing issues related to COVID are invited to forward exhausted grievances to:
ACLU Idaho
PO Box 1897
Boise, ID 83701
View IDOC’s COVID report here.
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RELIGIOUS SERVICES DISRUPTED AT ALL IDOC FACILITIES
The IDOC’s contract with 3 Oaks Ministries for Volunteer and Religious Services came to an end on September 30, 2022. The change in volunteer and religious services from contractors to IDOC staff is expected to effect chapel services until a new Volunteer Religious Coordinator is hired. Those who require religious services and chapel access are encouraged to check with their Deputy Warden of Operations for updates.
This change will not affect residents’ ability to order religious items from Keefe.
We’re unable to report at this time whether 3 Oak Ministries will continue to provide services throughout facilities ran by the Idaho Department of Juvenile Corrections.
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RENICK ON THE RADIO
With five years of episodes available for streaming, Mark Renick hosts Victory Over Sin on Boise’s KBXL 94.1FM, Saturdays at 12:30 pm. The program, funded by an advocacy arm of St. Vincent de Paul, shares what it’s like to live incarcerated in Idaho and come out of incarceration to live on parole.
From the Cathedral of St. John’s Evangelist in Boise, Deacon Mark Geraty joined Mr. Renick last month to discuss a new evangelism program called Alpha. Geared toward church-questioning folk not well versed on Christianity, the program aims to provide returning citizens with open arms right out of the gate. All are welcome to attend and enjoy a meal and a video before breaking into small groups to walk through their questions with Jesus. Please contact St. Vincent de Paul or St. John’s for details.
Visit svdpid.org for reentry resources and programs available in Southern Idaho.
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RESIDENT AUDITING 101
May’s First Amend This! article “Keefe Confounds ‘Em with Tactical Match” incorrectly stated the wages for residents who work in Keefe’s warehouse. Per an amendment made to “Concession Services Agreement For Full Service Commissary Services And Account Management Services,” hourly wages have been raised to $2.50.
April’s requests for the following have yet to be filled:
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- Keefe sales volume reports for the weeks of 7-15-21 and 1-21-22
- Notes, minutes and documents from the two commissary review committee meetings prior to 4-19-22, as well as all written requests submitted to the contract manager prior to these meetings.
- Revenue payments made from Keefe to IDOC from March ’21 to March ’22.
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RECOMMENDED RESOURCE FOR INCARCERATED PERSONS
The Jailhouse Lawyers Initiative (JLI) is a movement of currently and formerly incarcerated jailhouse lawyers, law students, attorneys and community members who work together to practice legal empowerment and organize for change.
Though the JLI is unable to provide members with direct legal assistance, it is committed to distributing legal education resources that are co-created by members both inside and out.
Those interested in signing up for the JLI newsletter or receiving legal learning modules can write:
Tyler Walton, Esq.
Jailhouse Lawyers Initiative
Berstein Institute of Human Rights — NYU Law
139 MacDougal St, B23
New York, NY 10012
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INMATE SERVICES AT WORK
9.18.22
Dear Jailhouse Lawyers Initiative,
Thank you for sending another effective learning module from your national Legal Empowerment and Practice Series. As a journalist who frequently requests public records to inform on operations from within my DOC, I was elated to discover the focus of this module is the power to be pulled the Freedom of Information Act. I found it a wonderful lesson that is sure to benefit many and I’m excited to hear the ways that others have been applying it.
The enclosed list was produced earlier this year, after I requested my DOC inform me of all cases they are currently litigating; I hope you’ll consider introducing your initiative to the plaintiffs still imprisoned. I suspect they’ll be excited to relay and participate in future efforts.
Cheers,
Patrick Irving
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SUGGESTION BOX
I suggest the Department task the most generous of its visionaries with ensuring cough drops or throat lozenges are placed back onto commissary prior to the start of cold and flu season. I suggest this because even if Medical were willing to supply them, all sickness will have cycled long before the fixin’s reach us.
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And that’s the Ad-Seg issue, folks! Thanks for tuning in, we’ll see you back next month.
But not before we throw a hearty shout-out from Will to Georgia! “Hope you’re having a good day, know that I’m thinking of you… XxxO”